Volume-2 ,Issue-8, August- 2026

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It has emerged as a major global health concern due to its rapidly increasing prevalence and associated microvascular and macrovascular complications. The present review discusses the pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment strategies for diabetes mellitus. The review highlights the role of insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic as well as environmental factors in disease progression. Conventional management approaches including lifestyle modification, insulin therapy, oral antidiabetic drugs, and combination therapies are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, recent advances such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, artificial pancreas technology, and precision medicine have been explored as emerging therapeutic strategies. The review also emphasizes the potential role of herbal and natural therapeutics, including medicinal plants and bioactive phytoconstituents, in diabetes management. Despite substantial progress in therapeutic development, challenges related to safety, accessibility, long-term efficacy, and cost remain significant. Overall, continued research and multidisciplinary approaches are essential for developing safer, more effective, and personalized therapeutic interventions for diabetes mellitus.

Keyword: Diabetes Mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Insulin resistance; β-cell dysfunction; Antidiabetic drugs; GLP-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2 inhibitors